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It's a standard practice called 'Coverage'.
It's roots go back to the silent era, and the rhythm of Long(aka Master)/Medium/Over the shoulder/Reverse evolved shortly after sound was introduced.
You typically shoot the entire scene from each of the camera setups to give yourself continuity for each shot. If an actor is off camera for one of the setups, someone else often reads their lines to the actor on camera. Likewise, a double often serves as the back of someone's head.
There are many benefits to creating coverage like this. It gives the editor more choices, allowing them to play to the strengths of the material & performances. It also gives you lots of extra dialog takes that can be used to improve the on screen performances of the actors by cheating the best line delivery to the best picture.
Hope that helps.
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