Brand logos in a documentary film

I have filmed a documentary film about headphones. I must show the audience the evolution of headphones, so I need to refer to such companies as Sony, Koss, Apple. Do I need to receive a permission of using their logos and headphones photos if I am about to send my film to student festivals?
Thank you.
 
If it is "research", it is okay. For instance, the review of films, you can show clips provided you do a number of reviews in a set program. From your description, yes, I say you have "fair use" of images and voicing the company name, or showing the name in text. I'd avoid logos without clearing it with a lawyer. However, if a logo attached to the product in your image is visible, you would be safe there.

If you're a non-profit entity, you have more leeway, likewise if your part of an established research entity, ie college, your leeway is even greater.

I think you're ok, but don't fork big money into this project without checking with a lawyer.

Good luck.
 
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